ubuchwepheshe obukhulu | Imboni entsha | Mashi 27, 2025
Esimweni esihle semboni yanamuhla, ama-induction motors afana neparele elikhazimulayo, adlala indima ebalulekile nengenakufakwa esikhundleni. Kusukela ekudumeni kwemishini emikhulu yemishini ezimbonini kuya ekusebenzeni okuthule kwezinto ezahlukene zikagesi ekhaya, ama-induction motors akhona yonke indawo. Phakathi kwezinto eziningi ezithinta ukusebenza kwama-induction motors, i-slip ithatha indawo ebalulekile futhi idlala indima ebalulekile esimweni sokusebenza kwemoto. Lesi sihloko sizokuhambisa ukuhlola i-slip kuzo zonke izici nangokujula, futhi sembule iveli layo eliyimfihlakalo ndawonye.
1. Kuyini ukushelela?
Ukushelela, ngamagama alula, umehluko phakathi kwejubane elihambisanayo kanye nejubane langempela le-rotor ku-induction motor, evame ukuvezwa njengephesenti. Ijubane elihambisanayo yijubane lensimu kazibuthe ejikelezayo, elinqunywa yimvamisa yamandla kanye nenani lezinsika zemoto. Isibonelo, uma imvamisa yamandla ingu-50Hz futhi inani lezinsika zemoto lingu-4, khona-ke ngokwefomula, ijubane elihambisanayo \(N_s = \frac{60f}{p}\) (lapho \(f\) kuyimvamisa yamandla kanye \(p\) kuyinani lezinsika zemoto), ijubane elihambisanayo lingabalwa libe ngu-1500 rpm. Ijubane le-rotor yijubane langempela le-rotor yemoto. Isilinganiso somehluko phakathi kwalokhu okubili kanye nejubane elihambisanayo yi-slip, evezwa yifomula: \(s = \frac{N_s - N_r}{N_s}\), lapho \(s\) imele ukushelela, \(N_s\) yijubane elihambisanayo, kanye \(N_r\) yijubane le-rotor. Phindaphinda umphumela ngo-100 ukuze uthole inani lephesenti lesilinganiso sokushelela. Isilinganiso sokushelela asiyona ipharamitha engabalulekile. Sinomthelela obalulekile ekusebenzeni kwenjini. Sithinta ngqo usayizi wamanje we-rotor, okunquma i-torque ekhiqizwa yinjini. Kungashiwo ukuthi izinga lokushelela liyisihluthulelo sokusebenza kahle nokuzinzile kwenjini. Ukuqonda okujulile ngesilinganiso sokushelela kuwusizo olukhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwansuku zonke nasekugcinweni kwenjini kamuva.
2. Ukuzalwa kwesilinganiso sokushelela
Ukuvela kwesilinganiso sokushelela kuhlobene kakhulu nokuthuthukiswa kwe-electromagnetism. Ngo-1831, uMichael Faraday wathola isimiso sokungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic. Lokhu kutholwa okukhulu kwabeka isisekelo esiqinile semfundiso yokusungulwa kwemoto kagesi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ososayensi abaningi nonjiniyela baye bazinikela ocwaningweni nasekuklanyweni kwama-motor kagesi. Ngo-1882, uNikola Tesla waphakamisa isimiso sokujikelezisa insimu yamagnetic, futhi waklama ngempumelelo imoto yokungeniswa esebenzayo ngalesi sisekelo. Ekusebenzeni kwangempela kwama-motor okungeniswa, abantu baqaphela kancane kancane ukuthi kunomehluko phakathi kwesivinini esihambisanayo nesivinini se-rotor, futhi umqondo wesilinganiso sokushelela waba khona. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lo mqondo usetshenziswe kabanzi emkhakheni wobunjiniyela kagesi futhi ube yithuluzi elibalulekile lokufunda nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwama-motor okungeniswa.
3. Yini ebangela izinga lokushelela?
(I) Izici zokuklama
Inani lezinsika zemoto kanye nemvamisa yokuphakelwa kwamandla kuyizinto ezibalulekile zokuklama ezinquma isivinini esivumelanayo. Uma izinsika zemoto ziningi, isivinini esivumelanayo siyancipha; uma imvamisa yokuphakelwa kwamandla iphakeme, isivinini esivumelanayo siphakeme. Kodwa-ke, ekusebenzeni kwangempela, ngenxa yemikhawulo ethile esakhiweni semoto kanye nenqubo yokuyikhiqiza, isivinini se-rotor ngokuvamile sinzima ukufinyelela isivinini esivumelanayo, okuholela ekukhiqizweni kwesilinganiso sokushelela.
2) Izici zangaphandle
Izimo zomthwalo zinomthelela omkhulu esilinganisweni sokushelela. Lapho umthwalo kumoto ukhula, isivinini se-rotor sizokwehla kanti izinga lokushelela lizokwanda; ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho umthwalo wehla, isivinini se-rotor sizokhuphuka kanti izinga lokushelela lizokwehla ngokufanele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga lokushisa elizungezile lizothinta ukumelana kanye nezakhiwo zamagnetic zemoto, okuzothinta ngokungaqondile izinga lokushelela. Isibonelo, endaweni enokushisa okuphezulu, ukumelana kokugoqa kwemoto kuzokwanda, okungaholela ekwandeni kokulahlekelwa kwangaphakathi kwemoto, ngaleyo ndlela kuthinte isivinini se-rotor futhi kushintshe izinga lokushelela.
IV. Ukushelela kuthinta kanjani ukusebenza kahle kwenjini kanye nokusebenza kahle kwayo?
(I) I-Torque
Inani elifanele lokushelela lingakhiqiza i-torque edingekayo ukuze kuqhutshwe umthwalo wemoto. Lapho imoto iqala, ukushelela kukhulu kakhulu, okunganikeza i-torque enkulu yokuqala ukusiza imoto ukuthi iqale kahle. Njengoba ijubane lemoto liqhubeka nokukhula, ukushelela kwehla kancane kancane, futhi i-torque izoshintsha ngokufanele. Ngokuvamile, ngaphakathi kobubanzi obuthile, ukushelela kanye ne-torque kuhlobene kahle, kodwa uma ukushelela kukhulu kakhulu, ukusebenza kahle kwemoto kuzoncipha, futhi i-torque ingase ingasahlangabezani nezidingo zangempela.
(II) Isici samandla
Ukushelela ngokweqile kuzokwenza ukuthi i-power factor yemoto yehle. I-Power factor iyinkomba ebalulekile yokukala ukusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kwamandla emoto. I-power factor ephansi isho ukuthi imoto idinga ukusebenzisa amandla asabela kakhulu, okungangabazeki ukuthi izonciphisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla. Ngakho-ke, ukulawula okunengqondo kokushelela kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni i-power factor yemoto. Ngokwenza ngcono ukushelela, imoto ingasebenzisa ugesi kahle kakhulu ngesikhathi sokusebenza futhi inciphise imfucuza yamandla.
(III) Izinga lokushisa lenjini
Ukushelela ngokweqile kuzokwandisa ukulahleka kwethusi kanye nokulahlekelwa yinsimbi ngaphakathi kwemoto. Ukulahleka kwethusi kubangelwa kakhulu ukulahleka kokushisa okukhiqizwa lapho ugesi udlula ekujikijeleni kwemoto, kanti ukulahleka kwensimbi kubangelwa ukulahleka kwenhliziyo yemoto ngaphansi kwesenzo sensimu yamagnetic eshintshanayo. Ukwanda kwalokhu kulahlekelwa kuzokwenza ukuthi izinga lokushisa lemoto likhuphuke. Ukusebenza isikhathi eside ekushiseni okuphezulu kuzosheshisa ukuguga kwezinto zokuvikela imoto futhi kufinyeze impilo yemoto. Ngakho-ke, ukulawula izinga lokushelela kubaluleke kakhulu ekunciphiseni izinga lokushisa lemoto nokwandisa impilo yemoto.
5. Indlela yokulawula nokunciphisa izinga lokushelela
(I) Ubuchwepheshe bemishini kanye nogesi
Ukulungisa umthwalo kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokulawula izinga lokushelela. Ukusatshalaliswa okunengqondo komthwalo wemoto nokugwema ukusebenza ngokweqile kunganciphisa izinga lokushelela ngempumelelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuphatha ngokunembile i-voltage yokunikezwa kwamandla nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imoto isebenza ku-voltage elinganisiwe, izinga lokushelela lingalawulwa kahle. Ukusebenzisa i-variable frequency drive (VFD) nakho kuyindlela enhle. Kungalungisa imvamisa yokunikezwa kwamandla kanye ne-voltage ngesikhathi sangempela ngokwezidingo zomthwalo wemoto, ngaleyo ndlela kufezwe ukulawula okunembile kwesilinganiso sokushelela. Isibonelo, kwezinye izikhathi lapho ijubane lemoto lidinga ukulungiswa njalo, i-VFD ingashintsha ngokuguquguqukayo amapharamitha okunikezwa kwamandla ngokwezimo zokusebenza zangempela, ukuze imoto ihlale igcina isimo sokusebenza esingcono kakhulu futhi yehlise ngempumelelo izinga lokushelela.
(II) Ukuthuthukiswa komklamo wezimoto
Esigabeni sokuklama imoto, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezithuthukisiwe nezinqubo zokwenza ngcono isekethe yamagnetic kanye nesakhiwo sesekethe semoto kunganciphisa ukumelana nokuvuza kwemoto. Isibonelo, ukukhethwa kwezinto eziyinhloko ezivumela ukungena kwamanzi okuphezulu kunganciphisa ukulahlekelwa yi-core; ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingcono zokugoqa kunganciphisa ukumelana nokugoqa. Ngalezi zindlela zokuthuthukisa, izinga lokushelela lingancishiswa ngempumelelo futhi ukusebenza kahle kwemoto kungathuthukiswa. Amanye ama-motor amasha acabangele ngokugcwele ukwenza ngcono izinga lokushelela ekwakhiweni kwawo. Ngokuklama kwesakhiwo okusha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto, ama-motor enziwa asebenze kahle futhi azinze ngesikhathi sokusebenza.
VI. Ukusetshenziswa kwesiliphu ezimweni zangempela
(I) Ukukhiqiza
Embonini yokukhiqiza, ama-induction motors asetshenziswa kabanzi ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zemishini yemishini. Ngokulawula kahle ukushelela, ukuzinza kokusebenza kanye nokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kwemishini yokukhiqiza kungathuthukiswa kakhulu, ngenkathi kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. Uma sithatha isitshalo sokukhiqiza izimoto njengesibonelo, imishini ehlukahlukene yemishini emgqeni wokukhiqiza, njengamathuluzi omshini namabhande okuhambisa, ayihlukani nokushayela kwama-induction motors. Ngokulawula ngokunembile ukushelela kwemoto, kungaqinisekiswa ukuthi ithuluzi lomshini ligcina ukunemba okuphezulu ngesikhathi senqubo yokucubungula futhi ibhande lokuhambisa lisebenza kahle, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo womugqa wokukhiqiza wonke.
(II) Uhlelo lwe-HVAC
Ohlelweni lokushisa, ukungenisa umoya kanye ne-air conditioner (HVAC), ama-induction motors asetshenziswa ukushayela abalandeli kanye namaphampu amanzi. Ngokulawula ukushelela nokulungisa ijubane le-fan kanye nephampu yamanzi ngokwezidingo zangempela, ukusebenza okonga amandla kungafinyelelwa, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nezindleko zokusebenza zesistimu kungancishiswa. Ngesikhathi esiphezulu se-air conditioner kanye ne-cooling ehlobo, lapho izinga lokushisa langaphakathi liphezulu, ijubane le-fan kanye nephampu yamanzi liyakhushulwa ukuze kwandiswe ukuphakelwa komoya kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo sokupholisa; lapho izinga lokushisa liphansi, ijubane liyancishiswa ukuze kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. Ngokulawula ngempumelelo izinga lokushelela, uhlelo lwe-HVAC lungalungisa ngokuguquguqukayo amapharamitha okusebenza ngokwezimo zokusebenza zangempela ukuze kufezwe ukusebenza kahle kakhulu kanye nokonga amandla.
(III) Uhlelo lwephampu
Ohlelweni lwephampu, ukulawulwa kwesilinganiso sokushelela akukwazi ukunganakwa. Ngokwenza ngcono izinga lokushelela kwemoto, ukusebenza kahle kwephampu kungathuthukiswa, imfucuza yamandla ingancishiswa, futhi impilo yesevisi yephampu ingandiswa. Kweminye imisebenzi emikhulu yokonga amanzi, iphampu yamanzi idinga ukusebenza isikhathi eside. Ngokulawula izinga lokushelela ngokufanele, ukuhambisana kwemoto nephampu kungaba ngcono kakhulu, okungeke nje kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokupompa, kodwa futhi kunciphise izinga lokuhluleka kwemishini kanye nezindleko zokulungisa.
VII. Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Mayelana Nokushelela
(I) Kusho ukuthini ukushelela okungu-zero?
Ukushelela okungu-zero kusho ukuthi ijubane le-rotor lilingana nejubane elihambisanayo. Kodwa-ke, ekusebenzeni kwangempela, kunzima ngemoto yokungenisa ukufinyelela kulesi simo. Ngoba uma ijubane le-rotor lilingana nejubane elihambisanayo, akukho ukunyakaza okuhlobene phakathi kwe-rotor kanye nensimu yamagnetic ejikelezayo, futhi akukho mandla e-electromotive abangelwayo kanye nogesi ongakhiqizwa, futhi akukho torque yokushayela imoto engakhiqizwa. Ngakho-ke, ngaphansi kwezimo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile, imoto yokungenisa ihlala inoshelela othile.
(II) Ingabe ukushelela kungaba yi-negative?
Kwezinye izimo ezikhethekile, ukushelela kungaba yi-negative. Isibonelo, uma imoto isesimweni sokubhuleka kabusha, ijubane le-rotor liphakeme kunejubane elihambisanayo, kanti ukushelela kuba yi-negative. Kulesi simo, imoto iguqula amandla omshini abe amandla kagesi bese iwabuyisela kugridi yamandla. Isibonelo, kwezinye izinhlelo ze-elevator, lapho i-elevator yehla, imoto ingangena esimweni sokubhuleka kabusha, iguqule amandla omshini akhiqizwa ukwehla kwe-elevator abe amandla kagesi, ithole amandla okuphinda asetshenziswe, futhi idlale indima yokubhuleka ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphephile nokushelelayo kwe-elevator.
Njengepharamitha eyinhloko yemoto yokungenisa, ukushelela kunomthelela omkhulu ekusebenzeni kahle kwemoto. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuklama nokukhiqizwa kwayo noma enkambisweni yokusetshenziswa kwangempela, ukuqonda okujulile kanye nokulawula okunengqondo izinga lokushelela kungasilethela ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kokusebenza okuthembekile kakhudlwana. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, ngikholwa ukuthi esikhathini esizayo, ucwaningo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinga lokushelela kuzofeza impumelelo enkulu futhi kufake isandla kakhulu ekukhuthazeni intuthuko yezimboni kanye nentuthuko yomphakathi.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Mashi-27-2025